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Climatology is a vital branch of physical geography that examines the Earth’s climate, weather patterns, atmospheric processes, and climatic zones. It helps in understanding crucial topics such as monsoons, cyclones, anticyclones, air masses, precipitation, global warming, and climate change, which significantly impact agriculture, economy, biodiversity, and human life.

For aspirants preparing for UPSC, SSC, State PSC, UGC NET, GATE, IIT-JAM, BA, MA and other competitive exams, well-structured Climatology Notes are essential to grasp key concepts effectively. These notes comprehensively cover topics like Koppen’s climate classification, Thornthwaite’s classification, El Niño and La Niña effects, jet streams, trade winds, cloud formation, insolation, and global climatic phenomena.

With clear explanations, diagrams, and real-world examples, these Climatology Notes serve as a reliable resource for both beginners and advanced learners. Read these free Climatology Notes now to strengthen your geography preparation and enhance your exam performance!

Climatology
Aims and Scope of ClimatologyClassification of Clouds
Types of ClimatologyCreation of the Ozone Layer
Understanding Earth’s Four SpheresStructure of the Atmosphere
The Origin and Evolution of Earth’s AtmosphereComposition of the Atmosphere
Elements of Weather and ClimateSignificance of the Atmosphere
Mechanisms of Heating and Cooling of the AtmosphereDepletion of the Ozone Layer
Human Influence on Radiation (Heat) BalanceOzone Depletion and the Ozone Hole
Flux of Solar Energy in the BiosphereSafeguarding the Ozone Layer: A Global Imperative
Heat Budget (Energy Balance)Cloud Seeding
SunspotsCauses of Climate Change
The Energy SystemClimate Change: Meaning and Evidences
Drought: Causes, Impacts, and SolutionsConsequences of Climate Change: A Global Challenge
Beaufort ScaleThe First Earth Summit (Rio Summit
Jet StreamHumidity and Its Types: Definition, Effects, and Measurement
TornadoFog and Its Types